These are the problems most Chinese students face when writing. If you can learn these rules well, your writing will improve tremendously.

中国学生在写作中经常会碰到一些问题，下面我列出了一些规则，如果能把这些规则学好的话，你的写作就会进步很多


基本语法一
A, An and The的使用方法 

1.	Use "the" with any noun when the meaning is specific; for example, when the noun names the only (one) of a kind.
在特指的名词前用the。例如，当这个名词指的是特定的某人或某物。 

Example: 
 Adam was the first man (the only 'first man'). 
 New York is the largest city in the United States (only one city can be 'the largest').
 We live on the earth (the only Earth we know). 
 Have you heard the news (specific news)? 

2.	Use "the" the second time you use that same noun in the same paragraph
在上文提到过的人或事物（的名词）前用 the。 

Example:
I saw a movie last night. The movie was entertaining.
A man ran into the street. A car hit the man. 

3. Use "the" if a specific person has a title or if only one person has a title.
特指某人的头衔或具有唯一性的头衔（名词前）用the 

Example:
 the president
 the doctor   *the Queen of England 

4. Use "a" or "an" with a singular count noun when you mean "one of many," "any," "in general."
一般规则：在表达一类中的一个时，在单数可数名词前用a或an 

Example:
Bob is a student.（一类中的一个） 
I like a good movie. （一类中的一个） 

5. Use "a" or "an" if the title is not a specific title.
在泛指的头衔（名词）前用a 或an 

Example: 
*a president
       *a doctor
       * a queen 

6. Don't Use "a," "an," or "the" with a non-count noun when you mean "any," "in general."
不要在泛指的不可数名词前加 a, an 和 the--（表示泛指的不可数名词前不能使用。）

Example: 
We believe in love. （泛指的） 
He gave me information.（不具体的）






基本语法二


1.	Identifying Independent and Dependent Clauses
区分单句和从句

When you want to use commas and semicolons in sentences and when you are concerned about whether a sentence is or is not a fragment, a good way to start is to be able to recognize dependent and independent clauses. The definitions offered here will help you with this.


a.	Independent Clause
单句

An independent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought. An independent clause is a sentence.
单句由主语和谓语构成，并表达一个完整的意思。一个单句即为一个句子。

Example: Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz.


b.	Dependent Clause
从句

A dependent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought. A dependent clause cannot be a sentence. Often a dependent clause is marked by a dependent marker word.
从句有主语和谓语，但是却不能表达一个完整的意思。从句不是一个句子，通常由引导词引导。

Example: When Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz . . . (What happened when he studied? The thought is incomplete.)


c.	Dependent Marker Word
从属连词

A dependent marker word is a word added to the beginning of an independent clause that makes it into a dependent clause.
从属连词置于从句句首，引导一个从句。

Example: When Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz, it was very noisy.

Some common dependent markers are: after, although, as, as if, because, before, even if, even though, if, in order to, since, though, unless, until, whatever, when, whenever, whether, and while.




2.	Connecting dependent and independent clauses
将从句和单句连接起来

There are two types of words that can be used as connectors at the beginning of an independent clause: Coordinating conjunctions and Independent marker words.
有两种词可以放在句子的前面作为连词：并列连词和连接副词



a.	Coordinating Conjunction 
并列连词

The seven coordinating conjunctions used as connecting words at the beginning of an independent clause are and, but, for, or, nor, so, and yet. When the second independent clause in a sentence begins with a coordinating conjunction, a comma is needed before the coordinating conjunction:

Example: Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz, but it was hard to concentrate because of the noise.


b.	Independent Marker Word 
连接副词

An independent marker word is a connecting word used at the beginning of an independent clause. These words can always begin a sentence that can stand alone. When the second independent clause in a sentence has an independent marker word, a semicolon is needed before the independent marker word.
连接副词置于单句句首。这类词引导的句子可以单独存在。当第二个单句出现时，需要有一个连接副词来引导，并在此连接副词前面加上一个分号。

Example: Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz; however, it was hard to concentrate because of the noise.

Some common independent markers are: also, consequently, furthermore, however, moreover, nevertheless, and therefore.





3.	Some Common Errors to Avoid
需避免的常见错误


a.	Comma Splices
逗号连句

A comma splice is the use of a comma between two independent clauses. You can usually fix the error by changing the comma to a period and therefore making the two clauses into two separate sentences, by changing the comma to a semicolon, or by making one clause dependent by inserting a dependent marker word in front of it.
逗号是不可以连接两个独立的单句的。在这样的情况下，可以把逗号换成句号，把整个句子变成两个独立的句子。或者把逗号换成分号。还可以在其中的一个句子前加从属连词。

Incorrect: I like this class, it is very interesting.
Correct: I like this class. It is very interesting.
(or) I like this class; it is very interesting.
(or) I like this class, and it is very interesting.
(or) I like this class because it is very interesting.
(or) Because it is very interesting, I like this class.


b.	Fused Sentences 
溶合句

Fused sentences happen when there are two independent clauses not separated by any form of punctuation. This error is also known as a run-on sentence. The error can sometimes be corrected by adding a period, semicolon, or colon to separate the two sentences.
把两个句子简单地放在一起就叫溶合句。这种错误可以通过在两个句子中间添加句号，分号或者冒号来改正。

Incorrect: My professor is intelligent I've learned a lot from her.
Correct: My professor is intelligent. I've learned a lot from her.
(or) My professor is intelligent; I've learned a lot from her.
(or) My professor is intelligent, and I've learned a lot from her.
(or) My professor is intelligent; moreover, I've learned a lot from her.


c.	Sentence Fragments 
句子不完整

Sentence fragments happen by treating a dependent clause or other incomplete thought as a complete sentence. You can usually fix this error by combining it with another sentence to make a complete thought or by removing the dependent marker.
这种句子是指将一个从句或者意思不完整的句子看做是一个完整的句子。这个时候可以连接另一个句子使意思完整，也可以将从属连词去掉。

Incorrect: Because I forgot the exam was today.
Correct: Because I forgot the exam was today, I didn't study.
(or) I forgot the exam was today.





基本语法三(with examples)

1.	Subject-Verb Agreement
主谓一致

Living in this modern world, we has (have) enjoyed much more convenience brought by advanced science and technology and led a comfortable life.

To sum up, from what I have discussed above, there is no doubt that modern technology help ("helps") students learn more information and learn more quickly, because it is convenient and gives us various tools to choose the best method of learning.

Though, for a long time, all the citizens has lived ("have lived") in a harmonious atmosphere as if they were siblings living in a big family, occasionally, some anti-activities (Need to use another word here..."protests" maybe) will happen for various reasons.


2.	Tense
时态

Some reports are discussed ("have discussed") in these days that life might be in Mars, which would provide a possible hypothesis for origin of life ("for the origin of life") .

As for me, I totally agree with the above statement that life is easier and more comfortable when our grandparents are children. ("when our grandparents were children).

Even with a shuttle bus communiting (commuting) between, those children still had to get up in the early morning, have (be consistent with your verbs. You use the past tense in the beginning so stick with it. "had...had") to stick to the strict bus timetable, and had to eat the breakfast in the bus

So it is obvious that modern technology ("has") saved us a lot of time checking information.

And the winner (will) also acquire the belief (trust) of their boss.

And in this restaurant I meet Emma (Okay, you need to use the PAST tense here, but you are talking about something that happened previously.) who will study with me in a same university, this fantastic experience make me excited.




3.	Sentence structure:
句子结构

From observing god of heaven to exploring it with ("the") invention of ("the") telescope and to exploring outer space by a space shuttle, (The pattern should be: From...to...verb..." It's not "from...to...and....to...) is it only curiosity driving people to do so?

From imaged the myths of heaven to explore it with telescopes and space crafts, human being tempted to explore the out space only drove by curiosity?
( I am not sure what you want to say. Please use a more simple construction than this. If you still want to use this, you need to say, "From....to...." with the right verb forms. Perhaps your meaning is, "From first creating myths to explain the alignment of stars in the sky, to later exploring the heavens with telescopes, has curiosity been the driving force for mankind to explore space?" Here, I use "from first...to later..." to better show a progression of time. Later I put your main point "curiousity" right after my [,] to give it the emphasis it deserves.)

Nowadays, some people tend to travel with a companion, the other people (..."while other people..." Make sure you emphasize differences by using such a construction.) like to travel alone. Different people hold different reasons.

When travelling to a strange place, hotels, restaurants and transportations are all big problems which have to be considered. (Okay, you have a dependent clause followed by a list of things, so your commas [,] are too close together, and it's a bit confusing. Better for you to place a verb in between your dependent clause and your list of things you want to say. For example, "When traveling to a strange place, ARRANGING hotels, transportation, and guides..." You need to be careful as transportation is uncountable and if you only have two items in a row, you don't need to use commas to separate them, you can just use the word, "and." For example, "When traveling to a strange place, arranging hotels AND transporation...." Hope this can better help you in the future!)

If you are sick of preparing food yourself, like washing fruits and vegetables, cooking meal and so forth. (This is not a complete sentence. Take away the [.] and keep going with a lower case "you can just decide....")




4.	Articles/ Singular and plural
冠词及名词单复数

The primary reason, I think, for people want (wanting) to explore universe ("the universe" because there is only ONE universe) is to figure out what happened there and how universe and humane are origin in ancient times. ("...and discover the origins of the universe and mankind...)

Generally speaking, the technological innovation (Do not put "the" here) has benefited humans a lot both in transportation and in communication.

Firstly, with the competition (Do not use "the" here) becoming more and more severe, many people face the threat of being fired.

The university (Don't need "the" here because you are speaking about life at any university, not one patrticular university.) life is a preparation for our future.

But, whether we should pay for the public transportation (don't need "the" here b/c there is more than one form or public transportation...there is a a bus, subway, etc.) has been a hot topic among our citizens.

In ancient time (times), our ancestor (ancestors) planted food by observing cloud (clouds) in the sky.

For example, as we all know, Internet ("The internet." Because there is only ONE internet in the world, we can use "the" as an article in front of it.) usually releases news at the first time.

I have to read Times; ("The Times...this is the proper way to refer to name of the paper you are suggesting) I can only know economic issues in Economist. ("The Economist" is the name of the publication)

On the other side, the person ("...a person...") could affect the government’s decisions.

One of the critical environmental problems is the Pollutions (Don't need "the" here.) which include (includes) air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination, noise pollution and visual pollution.

As the growth of workforce (I would use "the" here in front of workforce because you are referring to one and only one workforce.) and the recent economic turmoil has aggravated hiring market (You should say, "the" hiring market" because you are talking about one and only one hiring market), more employers concentrate on alluring the real talents as well as cutting hiring cost.

In addition, university can give us much convenience, because it provides us some places to study, such as library, computer room and playground. (Ok, you need to make a decision here about if you are talking about 1 university or all universities. You need to do this because you need to know what article (a, an, the) to use in front of "library, computer room, and playground." Also if you are talking about ALL universities, you need to make "library, computer room, and playground PLURAL by adding an "-ies" or "-s" at the end of each word.)

Tracing back to the traditional teaching, we can easily think of a blackboard and a box of chalks ("Chalk is uncountable) .

Secondly, no one can deny the fact that there are an increasing number of farmers leaving their home (homes) and coming into the city, because they think city can provide them with more opportunities make money.

I strongly support that teacher (If you want to say 1 teacher, then "a teacher." If you wan to say all teachers, then say, "teachers.")

A large company will buy you a lot of insurances (insurance is uncountable) and make you live a better life. It is said that in the large company like Microsoft or IBM, you can get almost everything you need in the office for free.

Firstly, each new source has it own features and advantages. TV, newspaper, broadcasting and Internet, we can get information from all of them. But definitely, they play different role (roles) in spreading news.

At last, sometimes news source (sources) maybe cheat or mislead us.

According to a recent survey which was conducted by the government, nearly fifty percents (percent--it's uncountable) of young people want to have houses which are owned by themselves.

There are clothes, home appliance (appliances) , fruits (fruit) and vegetables, and fast-food restaurants etc, here and there.




基本语法四(with examples)

1. Crazy Sentences 
长难句

Stay away from long sentences. I know this is popular in China, but it's considered BAD in America. Unless you are an extremely good writer, your sentence does not need to be four lines of text. You will annoy your readers and cause them to loose interest.
My suggestion is that you make your sentences more simple. Why? Well, you need to work on your grammar. Not only sentence structure and punctuation, but also with word choice. It feels you are trying to do too much, so try to make it more simple.

“crazy sentence”指的是那些长得像没有尽头的句子。一个好的句子要清晰明了，不能为了理解它们的意思而揣测上大半天。好句子也要让人读一次就能明白。如果你发现自己不得不读一个句子两到三次才能明白它的意思，那这个句子一定有些问题。
避免"crazy sentences"的途径就是在句子里组织好主语、谓语、宾语，让它们在一起更加紧密，从而更直接地表达句意。同时要避免在一个句子里用很多逗号，除非你是在列一个表单。最后，如果一个句子足足写了三行甚至更多，那它很可能是过长了。


He made teaching devices with hands, which always took them a long time; he make out interesting stories but couldn't find an appropriate way to express it; he imparted new lessons to the learners by using colored chalks, but it seemed not as fresh as an animation.
(You can break this last sentence up into shorter sentences.)

When it comes to whether people today spend too much time on their enjoyment rather than what they should do, quite a few people argue that most people, especially youngsters, devote much energy on entertainment, such as taking part in all kinds of parties and traveling around the world, others, on the opposite opinion, think that people, in fact, are occupied by numerous tasks that they should do and merely have spare time to enjoy themselves. (This is the longest sentence in the world. You are writing well, but this is way too long. Also, you say, "...quite a few people argue that most people..."This is not so good. After mentioning "quite a few people," then get right to your point.)

Wonderful as the advantages that Internet brings both in and after class, and the communication that it enhances between students and teachers are, (STOP YOUR SENTENCE HERE) I would like to build up the Internet throughout the campus to make a different to the school. (I totally, totally did not understand what you wanted to say here. Try stating things in a more simple way. If I know what you want to say, I can help you find the right words.)

Teachers can impress their students by displaying kinds of materials ("...by displaying materials such as..."), such as music, movies, advertisements, etc., (STOP YOUR SENTENCE HERE) and students can sit in comfortably on their seats through the screens of their on laptops instead of worrying unable to see the pictures projected on the board.

A library will be good to them, but not perfect. Sometimes, it is pretty annoying to find a book relevant to the subject of research among hundreds of thousands of book and journals, (STOP YOUR SENTENCE HERE) and sometimes, to skip the part of the article because there is no Internet at hand to search for information.

If there are email accounts for every teacher and student in the school, student can explain their question and thoughts to their instructors through email easily, (STOP YOUR SENTENCE HERE) which enable the teacher to know what the problem is with her teaching method and how to improve in the next classes.

Almost all of the students in college are adults, therefore they should have their own idea exactly about what is important to themselves, and it is and it must be the self-consciousness to make the students to attend the classes they have chosen but not the power of the discipline, that means there is no necessity for the university to require or even force the students to attend classes, cause one who always absent from the classes will pay for his absence in the end of the semester.
(OK, some serious grammar problems, and I think the biggest reason is that this sentence is way too long.Be shorter and more to the point if possible, please)



2. Word Choice 
选词

选词是写作中非常关键的一点。错误的用词可能会完全改变句意。当你在作文时，找到想要用的恰当单词是很重要的。然后，在搜索引擎上查一下你要用的那个词，查询的时候可以把这个词放在引号中。举例来说，就是你不确定自己想用的单词的用法是否正确，比如”esoteric”，就可以在网上搜索”esoteric”（要加上引号），搜索结果里会出现这么一个句子：”Antiques dealers brimming with esoteric knowledge.” 由此可见，esoteric可以用在"with esoteric + [noun]"的这样的句型里。当你写作的时候，最好尽量使用熟悉的词语搭配和句子结构，这比你凭着自己的记忆试着猜测词语的用法要好得多。

To start with, with the (You can't use "with, with" as it's not proper English.)constant progress of multimedia equipment, a series of vivid impression can be left in students' mind.

Some people say that it would be wise to use the renewable source because they are limitless and they will not cause any environmental issues. (Saying, "environmental problems" is probably better.)

First of all, as the competition in our society is becoming more and more furious (intense), one can not success (succeed) in his field without the knowledge acquired in the university.

From my personal perspective, I highly hold that it is necessary to learn (study) in a foreign country and experience this precious time in person. The following will be my specific reasons.

With the traditional teaching methods, teachers always do all the talking and, at the same time, students are busy taking notes, no contemplating, not to mention discussing. (I would write it this way: "With traditional teaching method, teachers always do the majority of talking while students are left to only take notes. This method of instruction is counterproductive, as it does not fully engage the student with the curriculum. I really don't know what to tell you. Your way of choosing your words is not so good. You just need to read more and find a style you like, then imitate that style. If you only use mo ban, you might be in trouble).

Now, in some sense, everybody doesn’t know how to live without the machines, however, the machines make the ones sloth. ("Lazy" would be a better choice here.)

We can just comprehend the literal knowledge even we read a lot of concerning ("relevant") books.



3. Preposition 
介词

A recent survey shows that people in growing numbers are beginning to concentrate (on) their health. More than seventy percent people prefer to spend more time on fitness gym than company.

For example, Dengzhonghan, CEO of the China’s largest chip producer, is an expert of (in) his field.



4. Punctuation
标点符号

As most people believe that technological innovations has(have) brought enormous convenience for our human beings: the improvement in transportation, like airplane, has saved people's much time, especially for the commercial men; the advances in communication, telephone, for instance, has reduced the distances between people, who can connect each other without being restrained by time. However, its strong influence on education can never be neglected. (Ok, your use of punctuation is not correct. First, don't use As in the beginning of your topic sentence. Second [;] and [,] and not the same at all. don't use them in the same way. A semicolon [;] is used to connect two independent clauses. Please see my Blog for more information about this.)

We can see that, without the education (You don't need a [,] here and you don't need "the." You can put your [,] after "education" because that's the thought you want to express.) in these exceptional universities, Deng could not reach the summit of his career at such a young age.

We have to develop the character of independence, a crucial point without which, we (You don't need a [,] here. You need to express a statement before you put a comma there.) can not (have) success in the future.

Firstly, there is no denying the fact that most successful people do not have inborn good looks, however,(the correct punctuation for a coordinating conjunction is, [;] however [,]) all of them have good ideas.







基本语法五(with examples)

1. Logic(not consistent)
逻辑不一致

写作过程中最重要的一点就是保持前后一致的逻辑性。在一整篇文章中，每一个段落都要围绕着你的主要观点进行说明。在每一段都要确保你提出了一个想法，并举出实例来阐明这一想法。

Also, what is worthy of note a fact is that ("...what is worthy of note is that...") the progress does not come from only the truth, but also the hypothesis. This demonstrates the undeniable fact that if we only read books with the true facts. We will slow down our paces to the brilliant future. How could the world become a little village if the planes were not designed? How could the planes become truth if electricity was not usd? How could electricity be used if we insisted on the orginal world and did not pay even a little attention to it as it was not truth then? To keep the technology developing, we cannot content with the current knowledge. (not a very convincing example at all.
It is not logical. You should talk about how people were inspired by book, or things not about real events. You need to say something else here)

Logic has some problem. Try to answer your question directly. You know what the question is asking you, so make sure, even in your examples, you are addressing the main point. The relationship between what you are saying and the topic question must be direct.

Firstly, Mr. Deng has been the first person ("person who) putting ("put forward) forward the extraordinary concept: one country, two systems, which has played a vital role in uniting our country closely. (If you use the word "united" you don't need to say closely b/c if something is united, it is close.) As everyone knows, China is a big country with 56 peoples. ("56 nationalities) Though, for a long time, all the citizens has lived ("have lived") in a harmonious atmosphere as if they were siblings living in a big family, occasionally, some anti-activities (Need to use another word here..."protests" maybe) will happen for various reasons. Here, Tai Wan has been a good example. It has been an indispensable part of our country, while some people have sought to divide it from us for some individually political purpose. To maintain our integrity, Deng posed his well-known conception, allowing people living in Tai Wain enjoy the freedom of operating its region automatically. This, to a great extent, has made people there fully feel the favorable policies of Chinese Communist policy.

Then, (If you say "Firstly" you need to say, "Secondly." There can't be a first without a second).
Mr. Deng has also advocated the reforming and opening-up policy. Since the foundation of China, ("Since the founding of China) China has changed a lot. However, as a developing country, it has been backward in economy and technology. It is Deng's sensible policy that has constantly introduced a fresh energy into our nation's building of four modernizations (education, science and technology, industry and agriculture). Many economic special regions, such as Shen Zhen and Shanghai, have brought us advanced thinking and equipment for the western world,. With the improvement of economy and science and technology, our progress in other fields has present unprecedented phenomena. Besides, our strong power and prosperity has led us to be a member of WTO, which has stimulated us to make more progress.

Restaurants in a big city can provide a wide variety of food choices, and at the same time, they feel please because they do not have to care about shopping, cooking, or cleaning up. (Okay, your subject is "restaurants" but do you really want to say that, "restaurants...feel pleased because...?
If you want to change your subject mid-sentence, make sure you write what that new subject is.)

Take me as an example, eating in a big city can provide me (It should read, "eating in a big city can provide a place to...with my friends..." Try to keep your subject and the verb that modifies and the object closer together in your sentence. "Eating can provide a place", and then talk about what that place can do or why it is special. ) a place with my friends to have a close chat including some secrets of us.



2. Conclusion 
结论

结论部分实际上就是一段总结摘要。你要重审自己的论点（在首段中提到过的），同时写两三句有关文章主旨的概括性说明。结论段的第一句话应该十分清楚明确，后面的每句话则应该更为全面概括。同时还要注意，结论部分不要增加任何新的论点或观点，只需对整篇文章的主要观点进行重述。


For the reasons I’ve stated above, I strongly hold my opinion that if you want to find a job, working at a large company is a better choice.
Conclusion is too short. At least 3 sentences.

Sending students to other countries can boost the cultural exchange between nations.
Have no conclusion.

Just imagine if teenagers can not find parents to help then to deal with their problems what will happen? We may not surely about that. But from what has been discussed above, we could safely come to the conclusion that parents plays a key role in teenagers personality development. That is why people always say parents are the best teenagers for children.
  For your conclusion, state immediately in the first sentence your main point: parent's attitudes influence the personality development of teenagers. Then after that, start making some more general statements that branch away from your thesis but at the same time don't introduce anything new.

FOR EXAMPLE:
  As can be seen previously in this essay, parent's attitudes influence the personality development of teenagers. Parents play a crucial role as teachers and educators through both direct and indirect examples. By understanding this relationship more, greater insight can be made with uncovering adolescent personality development, and this in turn can be mutually beneficial for all.

Moreover, it is even not necessary for colleges to force students to attend classes. The purpose of requiring students to attend classes is to make students work hard, but it is the students’ job but not the colleges’ to study hard, every student is responsible for his own schoolwork, so it means that students should attend classes by self-consciousness. And of course there is no need for universities to worry about the problem of absence, cause one who is always absent from the classes will pay for it at the end of the semester. In fact, I don’t really believe that these guys would get a good mark.
Did you write a conclusion?

Ok, you make some good points and that's very important. There are some grammar problems you need to address. Using the correct verb, usage of "the" are just a few of the problems. Overall I feel your problems are very small and can easily be corrected.  The key is you have a good idea about how to work your essay and the examples are pretty good.

If your last paragraph is a conclusion, please don't begin it with the word, "moreover" as this expresses you have additional points to make. Conclusions merely offer summaries. Hope this can help you.







基本语法六

句子结构

Some of the most important sentence patterns you need to know! Also these are most of the basic grammar rules you need to know as well.

1. A simple sentence 
类型一：简单句
Definition: Independent clause [ . ] 
  定义：单句[ . ]

A simple sentence is basically just a subject + verb...that’s it!
一个简单句就是由主语加谓语构成的句子。

Example:
-He agreed.
-Doctors are nice people.

3.	Compound Sentence 
类型二：并列句
  Independent Clause [ , ] Coordinating Conjuction + Independent Clause [ . ]
  单句 [ , ] 并列连词+单句[.]

There are seven coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet.
有七个常用的连接词：and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet

Example:
-He agreed, but I didn’t agree.
-Doctors are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma, but they don't know the reasons for it.

So, if you have two independent clauses in a sentence, you need to use either a coordinating conjunction or a semicolon [ ; ].


4.	This pattern is an example of a compound sentence with a semicolon. 
类型三：由分号组成的复合句
Independent clause [ ; ] independent clause [ . ]
  单句[;]单句[.]

Example:
-He agreed; I didn’t agree.
-Doctors are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma; they are unsure of its cause.



5.	This pattern includes an independent clause with an embedded parenthetical clause or phrase。
类型四：单句加插入语（此插入语删除后不影响整个句子）

First part of an independent clause [ , ] non-essential or parenthetical phrase, rest of the independent clause [ . ]
单句的一部分[,]插入语[,] 单句的另一部分

A parenthetical clause or phrase is one that can be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence or making it ungrammatical. In other words, the non-essential clause or phrase gives additional information, but the sentence can stand alone without it.
插入语是一个句子中即使被删掉也不影响句子的部分。换一句话来说，插入语提供更多的信息，但是没有插入语的话整个句子也成立。

Example
-Many doctors, including both pediatricians and family practice physicians, are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma.

This is one of the biggest problems people have when writing. Normally people forget to put [,] before and after the parenthetical phrase. 




6.	This pattern includes an independent clause with an embedded essential clause or phrase。
单句加短语或从句（此短语或从句不可删除）

First part of an independent clause essential clause or phrase with the rest of the independent clause [ . ]
单句的一部分  不可省略的从句或短语  句子的另一部分[.]

An essential clause or phrase is one that cannot be removed without changing the overall meaning of the sentence.
不可省略的从句或短语是指如果删掉这部分会影响到整个句子。


Example
-Many doctors who are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma have called for more research into its causes.